The "Three-Legged Stool" of Autoimmune Disease
The "three-legged stool" model is a helpful way to understand how autoimmune diseases develop. This framework highlights three essential factors that must align for autoimmunity to occur:
Genetic Susceptibility
Certain individuals inherit genetic traits that make them more prone to autoimmune diseases. Specific gene variants, such as those in the HLA (human leukocyte antigen) system, can increase the likelihood of autoimmune conditions like rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, or type 1 diabetes. In other words, genetics may make a person more vulnerable to immune system dysregulation.Environmental Triggers
Environmental factors can activate or worsen autoimmune responses, especially in those with a genetic predisposition. These triggers may include infections (viral or bacterial), exposure to toxins, chronic stress, smoking, or a poor diet. For instance, certain infections have been linked to the onset of multiple sclerosis. Recognizing these triggers can be a key part of managing and preventing autoimmune disease.Leaky Gut (Intestinal Permeability)
Gut health plays a crucial role in immune function. When the gut barrier becomes compromised—a condition commonly known as “leaky gut”—undigested food particles, toxins, and microbes can enter the bloodstream, potentially triggering immune responses that may mistakenly target the body’s tissues. Leaky gut has been identified as a factor in many autoimmune conditions, including celiac disease and Crohn’s disease.
When genetic predisposition, environmental triggers, and compromised gut health converge, they create the conditions for autoimmunity. By addressing all three factors—genetics, environment, and gut integrity—functional medicine aims to provide a more comprehensive approach to the prevention and management of autoimmune disease.
